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- Atomic Bonds
-
- X-ray crystallography reveals the basic atomic building block of the
- silicates: the silica tetrahedron, a cluster of atoms composed of a
- central silicon ion with a charge of +4 surrounded by four oxygen
- ions, each with a charge of -2. The entire group, thus has a net
- charge of -4. The silicon ion has a radius of 0.39 angstrom, the
- oxygen ion a radius of 1.40 angstroms. (One angstrom equals one
- ten-billionth of a meter.) The Si-O bond length, the sum of these
- radii, averages about 1.79 angstroms. To give an idea of how small
- this unit is, the distance across two tetrahedra in a silicate chain
- (one form of tetrahedral grouping) is 5.4 angstroms, and about 45
- million tetrahedra compose a chain 2.5 cm (1 in) long.
-
- A single oxygen ion may bond to two silicon ions, forming clusters or
- polymers of smlica tetrahedra. Two silicon ions with an oxygen in
- common will form a silica heptahedra group, with a charge of -6.
- Further clustering gives rise to more and more complex polymers.
-
- Because different minerals contain different kinds of clusters,
- silicates can be classified according to the type of cluster they
- contain. The common silicates may consist of isolated tetrahedra or of
- polymers in the form of rings, chains, sheets, or frameworks.
-
- Silica tetrahedra share only corners, not edges or faces; that is, two
- silicon ions may have one oxygen in common, but not two or three. The
- latter cases, although geometrically possible, would bring the highly
- charged silicon ions too close to each other, setting up strong
- repulsive forces. Aluminum (Al) ions, because they are similar in size
- to silicon ions, readily substitute for silicon in minerals called
- aluminosilicates. The aluminum ion has a charge of +3; wherever it
- substitutes for silicon (+4), a charge deficiency must be made up by
- some other positively charged ion packed between the tetrahedra.
-
- The interstitial ions in silicates occupy positions in which they are
- surrounded by a cluster or coordination polyhedron of the oxygen ions
- of the silica tetrahedra. The larger the interstitial ion, the more
- oxygen ions that cluster around it. Of the common elements in the
- Earth's crust, aluminum may be surrounded by four or by six oxygen
- ions at the corners of a double, four-sided pyramid, forming what is
- called octahedral coordination. Magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) occur
- almost exclusively in octahedral coordination; calcium (Ca) may have
- 6, 8, or 12 neighbors, and sodium (Na) and potassium (K) commonly have
- 8 or more oxygen neighbors.
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